Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade free essay sample

The battle to end the transoceanic slave exchange and subjection was accomplished by African obstruction and financial factors just as through compassionate crusades. The most unmistakable abolitionists, outstandingly Thomas Clarion and William Wildflower, were extraordinary marketing experts. Wildflower (1759-1833) drove the British parliamentary crusade to cancel the slave exchange and servitude. Assessment in Europe was additionally evolving. Good, strict and philanthropic contentions discovered increasingly more help. An enthusiastic crusade to accomplish nullification started in Britain in 1 783 and furthermore created in North America and the Caribbean, regularly drove by the Black churches.In Britain, Thomas Clarion (1760-1846) was another noticeable campaigner who was basically liable for gathering proof against the exchange. Clarion was an organizer individual from the general public for affecting the abrogation of the slave exchange 1787. In Liverpool, William Rose was extraordinary compared to other known abolitionists. He composed verse and leaflets for nullification. Assessment in Liverpool was commonly professional servitude and like different abolitionists, Rose would in general work off camera as opposed to transparently announcing his perspectives. We will compose a custom exposition test on Abrogation of the Transatlantic Slave Trade or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A functioning counter crusade was mounted by the individuals who benefitted from subjection. The West India entryway of estate proprietors and their supporters in the British Parliament battled nullification. Albeit at last fruitless, they increased 20 million pounds remuneration for manor proprietors for the loss of their slaves. Ex-slaves were not redressed. In spite of the annulment of slave exchanging by Britain and different nations from 1807 onwards, illicit exchanging proceeded for a further 60 years. About a fourth of all Africans who were oppressed between 1 500 and 1 870 were shipped over the Atlantic in the years after 1807. A lot of this unlawful exchange was to the sugar manors of Cuba and Brazil.From 1815 to 1865, the British Royal Navy embraced abolitionist watches off the West African coast, holding onto many vessels. England had to pay for held onto ships and to empower nations, for example, Spain and Portugal to nullify slaving. Albeit helpful contemplations were significant, financial interests were likewise in question. Cuba and Brazil were contenders to British West Indian sugar creation. Dealers building up the palm oil exchange with West Africa, who were to a great extent situated in Liverpool, additionally dreaded unlawful slaving would harm their inclinations.

Organizational behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Hierarchical conduct - Term Paper Example It has been contended that one of the outcomes of this move in duty is expanded occupation uncertainty, which brought about a decrease in sentiments of authoritative responsibility (Knudsen, Aaron, Martin, and Roman, 2003). Occupation instability has likewise changed the mental agreement and affected the work relationship. Loughlin and Barling (2001) put forth the defense that the idea of 'work forever' has been supplanted with 'natural selection' as scaling down has constrained representatives gotten increasingly employable. Subsequently, more youthful laborers who have seen their folks being laid off will be all the more requesting and less ready to make penances for their employments. Associations may accept that specific guidelines of the old representative association relationship despite everything apply, driving them to make slips up in correspondence, acknowledgment, and prize. In like manner, singular workers may accept that their boss recognizes what propels them, when in c ertainty the business may not know, or might be working under out-dated suspicions. To put it plainly, mental agreements and the business relationship are evolving. Audit of Literature The Promise The mental condition of an individual can innately impact their conduct as much as the physical state. Since we don't work in a vacuum, comprehend that our conduct and perspectives are dependent upon adjustment on account of outside impacts. At the point when these outside components venture practices that one may order as dubious, ones mental measurements can immediately become unstuck. For the most part, our connections persuade that a guarantee is a guarantee. Our associations with those we confide in train us to expect that these guarantees will be satisfied. At the point when the guarantees are kept up, the mental state stays flawless. Then again, if beguiling conduct, broken guarantees, and misguided judgments of truth are illustrated, the individual may eventually feel defenseless, sold out, and despondent. Rousseau (1995) features two sorts of guarantees; guarantees and correspondences of future goal. She further sub-orders these guarantees into four particular sorts. Inert guarantees are typically not taken actually by the collector. Dependable guarantees are characterized as acceptable guarantees as apparent by the collector. Unattended guarantees are those that inadvertently fall through and depended upon guarantees are those guarantees that the beneficiary spots an incentive upon and hopes to occur. In spite of the fact that guarantees are dependent upon confinement, it is as yet important to comprehend the system behind them. This makes it even more imperative to propel examine on the mental parts of the worker manager relationship. Hierarchical conduct scientists every now and again study the connection between people, gatherings, and the influence their conduct has on the association. One of the latest ideas remembered for the writing spins around the mental agreement. It is essential to look at this agreement in light of the fact that the establishment of the agreement depends on guarantees. The guarantees inside the agreement offer heading for the both the representative and the business. The Evolution of the Psychological Contract The decrease in unionization all through the nation has diminished the quantity of workers influenced by formal, composed agreements of business (Rousseau, 1990). This thus

Thoughts on the Meaning of Life

Thoughts on the Meaning of Life “What is the meaning of life?” is probably a question every human thinks about at some point in his or her life. When you are watching the stars in the night sky, you can’t help but wonder what is the sense of all of this. Yet the question is an elusive one, as there seems to be no definite answer â€" we all have different thoughts on the sense of life. © Shutterstock | Olesia BilkeiIn this post, we’ll explore some of these viewpoints. We’ll first look at six different schools of thought and what they’ve said about the meaning of life. We’ll then look at some of the most common perspectives on the subject: the religious and the secular way of explaining your purpose. Finally, we’ll provide you some steps to help make more sense of it all and to find your own purpose and passion to live a more meaningful life.6 VIEWS ON THE MEANING OF LIFEThe intriguing question “Why am I here?” has been a driving force of philosophy and different schools of thoughts. It’s hard to know when exactly did humans first start pondering the sense of life, but the variety of ways you can answer these questions shows how essential the idea has been for human thinking.It’s not a surprise then to find out how many different ideas there are around when it comes to the meaning of life. Most philosophical schools of thought have had an input in to what makes life meaningful and worth living.We’re introducing six different views on the topic, to guide you through a snapshot of explanations.The Humanists“…one ought always to ask oneself what would happen if everyone did as one is doing; nor can one escape from that disturbing thought except by a kind of self-deception.” â€" Jean-Paul SartreThe Humanists are perhaps one the most known group discussing the meaning of life in today’s world. One of the reasons is its challenge of religious schools of thought that often controls the current discussion.For the Humanists, there is no specific meaning of life; instead everyone has their own reasons. Instead of turning outwards to seek for a purpose, people should consider the things that provide them happiness and meaning.Therefore, instead of focusing on the sense of life, you should focus on figuring out what makes you happy. The key is finding enjoyment in things that are meaningful to you, even though they might not ap peal to everyone. Yet, you should also ensure the things you find enjoyable don’t infringe on the rights and needs of others.Watch the below video, which the British Humanist Association recently ran on how to know what is right and what is wrong: The Epicureans“The things you really need are few and easy to come by; but the things you can imagine you need are infinite, and you will never be satisfied.” EpicurusThe Epicureans are often quoted when people discuss the meaning of life. Unfortunately, the ideas of these thinkers can easily be simplified and viewed through rose-tinted glasses.To understand the Epicureans’ view of the sense of life, you must understand how they viewed human body and every other thing in the universe. To them everything is made up of small particles and without the particles a person cannot live. Furthermore, the particles can’t survive without a living body, which means that nothing can survive after death. Therefore, there’s no afterlife â€" all you have is the time here on Earth.This results in the meaning of life being the need to essentially maximize pleasure and minimize pain. But it doesn’t mean you should do what you want. According to Epicurus, good behavior and just actions are necessary for feeling pleasure, as guilt and anxiety will always catch up with you and make you feel pain. Therefore, you should only do things that won’t cause pain and anxiety in the long-term or later on.The Cynics“We have two ears and one tongue so that we would listen more and talk less.” â€" DiogenesThe Cynics were a group of thinkers in ancient Greece, highly influenced by the teachings of Socrates. The group saw the society around them filled with hypocrisy and wealth, and they felt it wasn’t helping people live virtuously or stay happy.The meaning of life was to be found in a moral existence that was compatible with the natural order of things. For people to be happy, they had to decide for themselves what was right an d wrong. It also called for self-sufficiency, as freedom from the need for possessions and for companionship was the ultimate way of living a meaningful existence.Nihilism“Every belief, every considering something-true is necessarily false because there is simply no true world.” â€" Friedrich NietzscheNihilism is perhaps among the most misunderstood schools of thoughts, as its basic tenets can often be simplified a bit too far, just like the teachings of Epicurus. Nonetheless, for a true nihilist, there are no things such as value or knowledge. In fact, there is no point to human existence.It isn’t surprising then how the meaning of life of nihilism is essentially that there isn’t any meaning. Although in the eyes of a nihilist, the meaninglessness doesn’t matter, as nothing in the world is valuable.The Cyrenaics“The art of life lies in taking pleasures as they pass, and the keenest pleasures are not intellectual, nor are they always moral.” â€" AristippusThe Cyrenaics are a group of like-minded thinkers who formed around 400 B.C. The founder, Aristippus, was a student of Socrates and the famous philosopher largely influenced the group’s ideas.For the Cyrenaics, knowledge and experience are subjective, always influenced by individual experiences. For this reason, truth is innately personal, with each person experiences the world distinct to anyone else.Pleasure in the present moment is what we should be aiming for. The future was uncertain, according to the Cyrenaics, which means you should live in the moment, not by planning for the future. In essence, the meaning of life would be to seek things that are most enjoyable to you in the moment, even if it’s outside of the social convention.Mohism“One who talks a lot but takes actions slowly will not be listened to even if he is right.” â€" MoziAnother group of thinkers established itself in China during the same time as the Cyrenaics were starting out in Greece. The movement’s father was M ozi and Mohism’s central idea was to argue and discuss ideas such as the sense of life.Mohism involves 10 doctrines, which people should abide by in everyday lives. For them, the meaning of life is only achieved through compassion and care towards other people, by treating everyone’s needs equally.This would mean seeking universal equality, which for Mohism also meant removing concentration of wealth. People should also avoid consuming luxury and entertainment for the sake of it, and instead focus on ensuring everyone had the same degree of happiness.Watch this lengthy documentary on the meaning of life. Very insightful. THE COMMON PERSPECTIVES ON THE MEANING OF LIFEWhile the above are some of the strategies used to explain where and how to find the meaning of life, there are other ways to answer the question “What is the meaning of life?” The answers are not necessarily associated with a specific philosophy in life, but nonetheless, are answers people regularly find themsel ves giving when they ponder the issue.In general, the outlook on the sense of life can be divided into two types of answers: the religious perspectives and the secular perspectives.Religious perspectivesA number of people include religious elements to their meaning of life. The religious perspectives tend to ascribe to an ‘outside’ force, which provides purpose and meaning. More importantly, the external force or spirit is what guides the behavior, often not just in this life, but the one after.The world has experienced a number of religions and even today, you have a number of different ways to practice and believe. If you were to make a simplification, you could divide religions to the western religions, such as Christianity, and the eastern religions, such as Taoism. The distinction isn’t necessarily as much to do with the location, but rather the belief system. Western religions are typically considered monotheist, like Judaism and Islam, whereas eastern religions are more pluralist, such as Hinduism.If you view the western religions on answering the question “What is the meaning of life”, the answers often fall along the lines of:“to serve God”“to gain entry to heaven”“to spread the message to others”On the other hand, the eastern religions  answers follow the patterns of:“break free of life cycle”“receive enlightenment”As you can see, the purpose and meaning are focused on not just the here and now, but for what happens to you after your time ends on this earth.Below are some of the famous, religion-inspired quotes regarding the sense of life, which hopefully inspire you to think about the purpose of life:“May you live your life as if the maxim of your actions were to become universal law.” â€" Immanuel Kant“You will never be able to please all of the people all of the time, so concentrate on pleasing your Maker because that’s what really matters.” â€" Mufti Ismail Menk“Your duty is to treat everybody with love a s a manifestations of the Lord” â€" Swami Sivananda“Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don’t resist them; that only creates sorrow. Let reality be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like.” â€" Lao TzuSecular perspectivesBut there have always been secular ways of thinking about the sense of life. As religious belief is waning in many Western countries, secular ideas around life’s meaningfulness and purpose are even more prominent.For secular perspectives, the focus is naturally on the here and now. Since there is no belief in the afterlife or reincarnation, the purpose is to be happy and have an impact in the current moment or at least during one’s life on earth.Secular answers to questions, such as “What is the meaning of life?” would include things like:“being nice”“living morally sound life and respecting others”“helping the planet”Secular perspectives don’t necessarily deny the existence of a god or a sp iritual force; the difference is that the meaning and purpose doesn’t stem from an external source and you aren’t living in a specific manner on Earth in order to gain something later. Your actions are not aiming to please or prepare you for another unknown existence. Therefore, secular perspectives are much more focused on the present.Just like there is variety of religious perspectives, secular thoughts on the meaning of life can differ in tone and style. You can be advised to focus on helping others and creating things that are useful for others, while some thinkers call for you to focus on yourself and your desires more.We’ve gathered some of the challenging thoughts on the sense of life, in terms of secular perspectives, and you can find them below:“There is only one meaning of life: the act of living itself.” â€" Erich Fromm“For the meaning of life differs from man to man, from day to day and from hour to hour. What matters, therefore, is not the meaning of life in general but rather the specific meaning of a person’s life at a given moment.” â€" Viktor E. Frankl“Living in a way that reflects one’s values is not just about what you do, it is also about how you do things.” â€" Deborah Day“Love is our true destiny. We do not find the meaning of life by ourselves alone â€" we find it with another.” â€" Thomas MertonHOW TO FIGURE OUT YOUR LIFE’S PURPOSE“Each man must look to himself to teach him the meaning of life. It is not something discovered: it is something molded.” Antoine de Saint-ExuperyThere are a number of ways to live a purposeful life and the truth is, people have different ways of answering the questions “What’s the meaning of life?” If you are thinking about what gives meaning and purpose to your life, you can use the above steps to help create your own thoughts and actions about the sense of life.Step 1: Discover yourself“I can teach anybody how to get what they want out of life. The problem is that I c an’t find anybody who can tell me what they want.” â€" Mark TwainFirst, you should discover yourself â€" to find the things that define you. A good way to start is by thinking about the things that are most important to you, the personal values that matter the most. This might be your family or friends, it might deal with being kind or perhaps it’s changing the society around you.This video might inspire you to find out what you really want from life. Whatever your true valuables are, write them down and reflect on why they mean so much to you. What is it that they add to your life?You also want to define the things that are meaningless to you, the things you don’t enjoy. These could be things such as the daily grind or owning material possessions. It might be bigger things like having a family or settling down. Be honest with yourself and discover the things that wouldn’t add value or purpose to your being.Step 2: Identify your unique talents“Use what talents you posses s; the woods would be very silent if no birds sang there except those that sang best.” â€" Henry Van DykeWe all have unique talents; we just have to find them and learn to use them to our benefit. Examine your skills and discover the things you are good at doing. It might be that you are good at writing stories or you might be good at helping other people find their voice. Perhaps numbers come easy to you or you can come up with amazing flavor combinations when cooking.Everyone has these unique characteristics â€" the things we do better than anyone else. You don’t even need to use the talent as a profession or a way to earn money. When you find something you enjoy, you can do it whenever you have time â€" the fulfillment you get is a big enough reward. Step 3: Find a cause you are passionate about“There is no passion to be found in settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living.” â€" Nelson MandelaFinally, you want to find your true passion because it can open a completely new world for you, in terms of happiness and fulfillment.What is an issue or a topic you are passionate about? Perhaps it’s big themes like education or solving childhood poverty. But passion can be smaller things like gardening or reading books.You might want to solve or change an issue in your local community or society, perhaps by starting your own business. But you can also manifest your passion by setting up your own blog about contemporary poetry or organizing baking nights with friends. The key is to find something that you are passionate about and then work towards your passion like there is no tomorrow.FINAL THOUGHTSThe answer to the question will always be different depending on whom you ask. Perhaps that’s the beauty of the sense of life â€" we all find our own meaning and purpose, with each perspective adding something to the conversation.Finding meaning in your everyday life is important and it can be useful to reflect on things. Reading oth er viewpoints, discovering your own inner passion and talent, and understanding the different ways of explaining the world can help you live a more purposeful life.Now, what do you think? Whats the meaning of life?

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay - 1023 Words

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Motor Neuron Disease Maladie de Charcot Lou Gehrigs Disease What is the Disease? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ALS is an extremely deadly disease affecting the nerve cells that control the victims voluntary muscles. These nerves shrink and eventually die, leaving the muscles without stimulation. As these muscles go without stimulation, they too eventually shrink and die. The victim progressively weakens to the point of complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles and some involuntary muscles, such as breathing and swallowing, and soon after this point, death is inevitable. A means quot;Withoutquot; Myo means quot;Musclequot; Trophic means quot;Nourishmentquot; Lateral refers to uneven†¦show more content†¦Another third find a weakness in their legs and may trip because of a mild foot drop. The remaining one-third notice slurring in their speech or difficulty swallowing. Because all of these symptoms happen naturally, it is generally not characterized as ALS until the symptom progressively worsens. This happens as the affected areas muscle cells deteriorate, resulting in muscle tenseness. Frequently one side of the body is affected first and it then gradually passes to the other side. Muscles in the eyes, anus and bladder are generally left unaffected. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Diagnoses nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As there is no known way to prevent this disease, there is also no specific clinical test to identify ALS. It generally involves a physical examination, perusing through the patients medical history, and neurological testing. To test muscle activity specialists often use an EMG, or electromyogram, and will often use CT scans, MRIs, and thorough blood examination. There is also a recently developed SOD1 scan, the gene now thought to be the cause for ALS, especially familial ALS. Only 20%, however, of patients with familial ALS show positive on the SOD1 scan. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progress of ALS nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;UntilShow MoreRelatedAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1478 Words   |  6 PagesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. Jean-Marie Charcot was the first to recognize ALS as a distinct neurological disease with its own unique pathology. In ALS, nerve cells degenerate and deteriorate, and are unable to transmit messages to muscles. In around 90% of the cases of ALS, the cause remains unknown. Studies have concentrated on the responsibility of glutamateRead More Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an insidiously developing, adult-onset, progressive anterior horn cell degeneration with associated degeneration of descending motor pathways. Despite increasing clinical and research interest, its cause remains obscure. Although many theories as to its cause have been proposed, no intervention has yet been shown to modify biologically determined motor system degeneration. There is no clear cut neuropathological diagnosis forRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)796 Words   |  3 PagesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is commonly referred to as ALS. This disease is also known to many as Lou Gehrig’s disease. ALS is a disease characterized by the slow death of certain nerve cells in the brain and spine. As described by research done through the Mayo Clinic, nerve cells called motor neurons control the muscles that allow you to move muscles of your body. ALS effects these particular neurons and produce serious neurological effects that can start as muscle weakness that eventually leadsRead MoreAnalysis Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetics Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetics Christopher Elliott Brandman University Analysis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetics Over the past decade, the medical community’s understanding of chronic illnesses has greatly increased. This increase is the result of improvements in technology and techniques that have clarified some of the unknown mechanisms associated with disease. For example, innovations in genetic sequencing have allowed researchers to analyze the geneticRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, also known as ALS or sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s Disease, is a progressive neurological disease affecting the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement. It is the most common type of motor neuron disease. The body isn’t able to operate as it normally does due to the muscles weakening overtime. As the disease progresses, it starts to damage nerves of other vital areas of the body. When the body isn’t able to breath the way it should causing respiratory failureRead MoreEssay about Amy otrophic Lateral Sclerosis2209 Words   |  9 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ABSTRACT At this time, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) is a very confusing and elusive disorder. While the clinical presentation and diagnosis of ALS dates back to the early 1900’s, with Charcot being the first to scientifically report and document his findings, there simply has not been definitive evidence since that time for the etiology for ALS. This fundamental problem has befuddled the most qualified researchers and its ensuing answer has eluded theRead MoreEssay on What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?1064 Words   |  5 PagesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is short for ALS, and is often referred to as â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s disease.† Lou Gehrig was born in New York in June 19, 1903. In April of 1923, Lou Gehrig signed his first contract with the New York Yankees. He played for the Yankees for 15 years and lead them to 6 World Series between 1927 and 1938. Gehrig was known as a seven-time all-star champion, for his batting average and was named twice the American Leagues MVP; He later earned the name of the Iron Horse (Lou GehrigRead MoreEssay about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1600 Words   |  7 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a motor neuron type disease. The disease was first discovered in 1869 by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Though we have known of this disease and its capabilities for well over a century; there is still information that is unclear. This past decade has been successful for research, giving us new information and optimism for years ahead. New hope is arriving in thoughts that stem cell research and gene therapy will advance our knowledge for a possible cureRead MoreAls : Short For Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1527 Words   |  7 PagesALS Jose Ramirez 2nd hour ALS is short for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It’s sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease. It’s a very deadly disease that has taken MANY people’s lives. It’s a slow and painful process. It usually starts from the bottom and works its way up north till you eventually die. It attacks your nerve cells which it eventually makes you immobile. Motor neurons located in the brain are the cells that are attacked by this deadly disease. ALS causes weakness with a wide rangeRead MoreCauses of and Treatments for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis600 Words   |  2 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease in the U.S. is a widely known debilitating disease that effects the upper and lower motor neurons in the nervous system. The degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons in turn cause muscle atrophy and chronic loss of muscle use. ALS is the most common of the five motor neuron disease. Heredity is a major cause of ALS but can show up in any patients. ALS usually presents itself

Assess Reasons Free Essays

Assess the reasons why Thatcher’s economic policies were controversial There is little which unites Thatcher’s passionate supporters, and equally passionate critics. However, both camps would agree that she was, without question, one of the most controversial prime ministers the UK has seen, and her economic policies were at the heart of that controversy. She instituted an economic revolution in the KICK, bringing the post-war consensus to a crashing halt, and replacing it with a free-market ideology which remains in place today. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess Reasons or any similar topic only for you Order Now So there is surprisingly little controversy over whether she was successful in implementing her policies, but rather the controversy is whether her economic policy successes were either necessary or desirable. There is no answer to this conundrum, as any answer must be dependent upon the values of the beholder. All of her individual policies, such as monetarism, prevarication, and trade union reform, generated their own controversies, but perhaps the greatest controversy was over the sort of nation which those reforms created. The first, and perhaps most controversial, economic policy Thatcher imposed was monetarism. This theory, described as â€Å"crazy† by revises Tory Chancellor, Reginald Maudlin, envisaged controlling inflation through restricting the money supply, and Thatcher moved quickly in her first term to implement it, through a squeeze on public spending and an increase in interest rates to a high of 17% to restrict borrowing. The first controversy was whether monetarism even worked. Supporters argued that it was responsible for bringing inflation down from 19% in 1979, to 5% in 1983. Opponents, on the other hand, argued that this had more to do with the descent of the UK economy into recession during Thatcher’s first term, and a crease in the price of oil following the Iranian revolution in 1979. Perhaps a clue as to the correct answer can be found in Thatcher’s quiet abandonment of any attempts to control the money supply early in her second term. Nevertheless, almost irrespective of whether monetarism directly lowered inflation, what is not in dispute is that it did cause a rapid growth in unemployment, from 5. 7% in 1979 to 13% in 1982. As unemployment topped mm, higher than at any time since the great depression of the sass, riots broke out in major cities, with particularly severe violence in Text and Britton. The depth of the controversy over the economic choices Thatcher was making can be illustrated not only by burning barricades in the inner cities, but also by the arguments within her own Cabinet, with the â€Å"wets†, led by Jim Prior, urging her to change course. Ultimately, the most significant controversy over monetarism was that all governments since the war had seen the maintenance of full employment as their primary economic policy goal. Thatcher saw unemployment, even mass unemployment, as a price worth paying for controlling inflation, which she saw as a greater evil. The fact that monetarism inspired riots, furious public opposition, and internal dissent, might imply that it was the most controversial of her economic policies. Nevertheless, even after the abandonment of monetarism, Thatcher’s next flagship economic policy was to inspire yet more controversy : the crushing of the trade unions. Thatcher saw the Unions as â€Å"the enemy within†, and blamed them for the defeat of the last Conservative government in 1974. Again breaking with the post-war consensus, she saw trade unions not as partners to work as part of a troika with Government and employers, UT as implacable foes of the free-market. She gambled that the Winter of Discontent had undermined support for unions, and set out to destroy their influence. First she passed three Employment Acts in 1 980, 1 982 and 1 984, and then she defeated both the miners and the print-workers in their respective strikes. Even her opponents would concede that she was extremely successful in achieving her goals, as union membership fell from 50% of the workforce in 1979 to less than 35% in 1 990, while strike days lost fell from 29. Mm in 1979 to 1 -mm in 1990. However, it was those goals which ere controversial, and again, that controversy was based on different views Of what a Government’s priority should be. Other post-War Governments had accepted the concept that improving terms and conditions, and seeking to obtain increases in real wages for employees, was a desirable goal. Thatcher and her supporters, however, took the view that such aims were impediments to the functioning of a free-market, in which employers could only compete effectively if they had the right to hire and fire at will, and if employees could be forced to accept lower wages and less secure terms and notations. If previous Governments had seen their role as a neutral arbiter between workers and managers, Thatcher placed the government very firmly behind managers and owners of businesses, while arguing that this was also in the interests of employees. At the time, the controversy centered on the immediate struggles of the Miners’ Strike and the Yapping Dispute, with whole communities in mining areas laid waste. However, perhaps the real controversy is over the impact of the policy in the longer term. Thatcher’s supporters argue that breaking the unions led to more efficient businesses, deter able to compete in the global marketplace, and point to such evidence as in increase in growth rates from an average of 1. % in the period 1950-79, to 2. 1% in 1979-90. The opposing argument, however, is that while the GAP of the UK rose by 108% in the thirty years after Thatcher’s election, the proportion of GAP paid in wages has declined from 65% to less than 50%, with a far higher proportion of GAP going to the wealthiest in society through non-wage income such as dividends and bonuses. How to cite Assess Reasons, Papers

The Bean Trees Essay Research Paper he free essay sample

The Bean Trees Essay, Research Paper he Bean Corner Differences in Characters In # 8220 ; The Bean Trees, # 8221 ; by Barbara Kingsolver, readers are given the opportunity to see how two characters that have wholly different life styles come together and cover with mundane jobs, household relationships, and maternity. Lou Ann chose a life style that would do her to acquire married, have a babe and travel off right after high school. On the other manus Taylor did everything in her power non to stop up life that life style, and I think it resulted in Taylor being a more dependent and strong individual than Lou Ann. A good illustration of how different their characters are is how they deal with mundane jobs. For illustration, the manner they go approximately seeking to happen a occupation clearly shows that Taylor is optimistic and Lou Ann is pessimistic. # 8220 ; Really, Ma # 8217 ; am I could understand why you wouldn # 8217 ; t want to engage a dense old thing such as myself P. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bean Trees Essay Research Paper he or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 144 # 8243 ; This is something that Taylor imagines Lou Ann stating when she is on a occupation hunt. This statement clearly describes Lou Ann absolutely, she has no assurance she is pessimistic and doesn # 8217 ; t lodge up for herself because her hubby continuously verbally abused her, and treated her bad. Taylor on the other manus is really optimistic and self-confident when she is out job-hunting because she ever had motive and support from her female parent. Eventually Taylor motivates Lou Ann to hold assurance and seek difficult to acquire a occupation and she notices differences in her character # 8220 ; I was wishing Lou Ann a great trade these yearss. In a few hebdomads since she started working she had begun to cut her hair far less frequently? holding a occupation seemed to flush out some of Lou Ann # 8217 ; s wrinkled borders. Motivation and support played a large function in making these characters personalities. The reader truly gets to see the difference in characters and besides how uniting the personalities changed their life styles. Family relation ships played a large function in making these characters. Lou Ann and Taylor both came from little metropoliss in Kentucky but they were raised otherwise. Lou Ann moved to acquire married and raise a household but her female parent disapproved for the incorrect grounds, # 8220 ; she disliked him because he was Mexican P26 # 8243 ; Taylor neer wanted to populate the life style that Lou Ann had Taylor # 8217 ; s ma said # 8220 ; barefoot and pregnant was non my manner. P3 # 8243 ; Taylor # 8217 ; s ma supported Taylor # 8217 ; s determinations and gave her the chance to happen independency. Taylor has a truly good relationship with her female parent ; the lines of communicating and support are broad unfastened. Lou Ann on the other manus doesn # 8217 ; Ts have good communicating with her female parent, she couldn # 8217 ; t even state her female parent and Grandmother she was acquiring a divorce. # 8220 ; Angel had agreed to move back in until after her female parent and Grandmothers visit. P54 # 8243 ; I think Taylor comes through for Lou Ann in this state of affairs because Taylor played a female parent like function towards Lou Ann. She gives her support she needs, consoles her, and is her friend. These two adult females are both wholly entirely in an unfamiliar province and they both don # 8217 ; Ts have anyone but each other except Taylor still has her female parent left to speak to. Motherhood is a large factor in differences in character. Taylor positions motherhood along with matrimony as a complete failure in life for illustration in the terminal of the book Taylor says to Turtle. That agencies your child? so you # 8217 ; ll ever cognize who you are. P232 # 8243 ; She # 8217 ; s eventually seeing Turtle as her ain girl and non as an adoptive kid. Taylor besides helps Lou Ann overcome something and that was her matrimony she helps Lou Ann get over Angel and travel on with her life. It was interesting to see how two wholly different people come together and reconstruct their lives together. They had many issues to get the better of and it seemed that when they eventually came together they resolved many things and they made their lives better.

Chapter 1-4 Study Questions Essays

Chapter 1-4 Study Questions Essays Chapter 1-4 Study Questions Paper Chapter 1-4 Study Questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature The primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between individuals and society Which is an accurate description of sociology the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, of how social relationships influence peoples behavior, and how major social institutions and individuals interact The sociological imagination is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society as an outsider A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert Unemployment can be viewed as both a private trouble and a public issue The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances The fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates societys shared knowledge and skills Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology systematic study, the individual and society, and the consequences of social differences The fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of the consequences of differences A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as social inequality A body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a science Sociology is considered a science because sociologists engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding Fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered social sciences Fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered natural sciences A natural scientist would be likely to study rock formations and composition in the Grand Canyon A social scientist would be likely to study the reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States Which of the following would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008 how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are unreliable A sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a theory Emile Durkheims study of suicide relate suicide ages to the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society Emile Durkheims explanation of suicide was scientific because he developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society Which sociologist established Europes first university department of sociology Emile Durkheim Which of the following is true about August Comte he sought to establish a science that would reveal basic laws of society, he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability, he though humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change Which of the following is true about Harriet Martineau she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology, and she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators Harriet Martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product popular songs Anomie refers to loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective In many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer anomie Durkheim was particularly concerned about the loss of social order Which of the following did Karl Marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals humans ability to transform raw material into finished products In Karl Marxs analysis, social inequality is determined by ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources Max Webers theory of power included social status and organizational resources Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as macrosociology A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of macrosociology Which of the following stresses the study of small groups microsociology A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of microsociology Erving Goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which compares everyday life to a theatrical performance W. E. B. Du Bois investigated power and inequality based on race Ida Wells-Barnett investigated power and inequality based on gender and race Which of the following is true about Jane Addams she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor Which of the following is a functionalist perspective society is structured to maintain stability Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a societys stability, then it does not serve a useful function functionalist perspective A functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs Which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources conflict perspective Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, White males who divide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the conflict perspective With which of the following conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned women and men, the wealthy and poor, and blacks and whites Interactionist perspective uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole Which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law interactionist perspective Which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power conflict perspective Which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order functionalist perspective Which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in the progression toward great order functionalist perspective The view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by functionalists Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in peoples communication patterns and social positions interactionist perspective In general, sociologists tend to draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives. Personal sociology requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective. Using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as applied sociology. Which of the following statements is true clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as globalization A sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individuals societal position. T/F False Given C. Wright Mills description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other. T?F True The main purpose of the hamburger as miracle story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others. T/F False The observation by sociologists that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference. T/F True Sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society T/F False The fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge T/F True According to Durkheims theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a societys members, the lower its suicide rate should be. T/F True Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective T/F True A sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective. T/F True Of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology. T/F True Which of the following is true of sociology it represents a conversation between theory and research The scientific method maximizes consistency in research If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to define a problem to study Defining a sociological problem involves explicitly identifying the concepts you want to learn more about An operational definition is the transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable Which of the following best describes theories they are our most informed explanations of what happens and why Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace the narrative of a single person describing an incident of employment discrimination When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available literature to refine the problem under study, to clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, to eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a hypothesis The statement Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies is an example of a hypothesis A variable is a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study marital status, ethnic background, age The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other is known as casual logic The statement People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens is an example of a hypothesis The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n) independent variable Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens level of income Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n) independent variable The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the dependent variable The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n) correlation Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a(n) correlation In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance of being selected a random sample If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a random sample Valid research measures accurately reflect the phenomenon under study Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individuals intelligence None of the answers are correct not the individuale employment, or the researchers opinion, or the number of years of school that the individual has completed A research measure that provides consistent results is considered reliable A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a control variable Which of the following is true about a research design it is a detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both the amount of time needed to collect the data and the cost of the project To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as a survey In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions must be worded accurately and without bias The results of an interview may be influenced by the gender of the interviewer or the race of the interviewer Surveys most often represent ______ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form quantitative The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the mean The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values, is referred to as the median Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5 7 Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as qualitative research Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a group or by directly participating in a group A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the communitys social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a(n) ethnography The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant observation is maintaining a degree of detachment An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known as a(n) experiment In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the control group Sociologists performing research tend to use both laboratory experiments and field work, but not in conjunction with each other A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the colleges computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of the Hawthorne effect Which of the following is true about Devah Pagers research it attempted to approximate experimental conditions in the field Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use previously collected and publicly accessible information and data If a sociologist uses information gathered by the United States Census Bureau in a study, that sociologist is performing a secondary analysis Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be a nonreactive form of research An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that researchers may not find the exact data needed for their research A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of content analysis Erving Goffmans pioneering exploration of how advertisements portray women as dependent upon men is an example of content analysis Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology using appropriate research techniques, maintaining integrity in research, remaining unbiased and nondiscriminatory Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology a required number of data sources Rik Scarces jail experience in 1993 revealed the potential consequences of maintaining the confidentiality of sources After the 1989 Valdez disaster, the Exxon Corporation sought out many experts, including sociologists, to study jury deliberations. Which of the following was a major ethical concern for these sociologists Funding from Exxon might influence the results of the studies According to value neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to which of the following their own personal views, theoretically based explanations, widely accepted beliefs Joyce Ladners The Death of White Sociology called attention to the tendency of mainstream sociology to investigate the lives of African Americans only in the context of social problems Which of the following is true about Shulamit Reinharz she argued that sociological research should be open to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists Feminist sociologists view work and family as interrelated topics Which of the following statements is true about the contributions of feminist sociologists? they have difficulty maintaining value neutrality due to the subject of their research One important goal of applying the scientific method to the study of society is to ensure that the researchers own values and opinions are allowed to influence the results. T/F False The purpose of transforming a concept into its operational definition is to make the concept easier to observe and measure T/F True In the hypothesis the more socially integrated a person, the less likely that person is to commit suicide, level of social integration is the independent variable. T/F True If x is correlated with y, then by definition, x must be the cause of y. T/F False If x causes y, then by definition, x must be correlated with y. T/F True For the purposes of data analysis, the most important quality of a sample is that it is representative of the population from which it is drawn T/F True One way to ensure that a sample is representative of the broader population from which it is taken is to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. T/F True If the same questionnaire about income and education is given to the same person at two different times, and nothing significant has changed between the two times, the responses should be the same, and if they are not, the questionnaire can best be described as invalid. T/F False Of the two main types of survey instrument- the face-to-face interview and the questionnaire- the use of a questionnaire is likely to generate the higher response rate because it allows more time for the respondent to respond. T/F False While sociologists use a variety of different approaches to the study of social phenomena, they all accept that value-neutrality is essential in the interpretation of data. T/F False The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as culture Culture helps us to interpret information received by our senses Which of the following best defines a society the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared Which of the following best explains the role of a society it provides the context within which cultural relationships develop Cultural preferences vary across societies. Which of the following is an example of a cultural preference marriage ceremonies, methods of education, religious doctrines Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies are called cultural universals In his research, George Murdock determined that although all cultures share common denominators, how cultures address these practices and beliefs varies greatly What is the most common stance among researchers on the nature vs. nurture debate they view the debate as inadequate Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist the explanation of how our thoughts and actions are linked to our genes Innovation interests sociologists because it often has continuing effects beyond the initial change Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused military conquest, tourism, the Internet Which of the following would be an example of discovery the identification of bacteria Which of the following would be an example of invention superconductors Which of the following examples illustrates the rapid globalization of culture starbucks stores in China English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of cultural diffusion In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena the cultural domination of developing nations by developed nations, people in developing nations often discarding their traditional values, and native cultures being threatened by Western popular culture The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives represent material culture Which of the following is an example of material culture a slice of pizza Which of the following is true about cognitive culture it consists of our mental and symbolic representations of reality Which of the following is a component of cognitive culture language Which of the following is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes? it is more resistant to change than material culture What is cultural lag? an adjustment period when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are more likely to change their material culture than their nonmaterial culture Which of the following is true about language? it includes speech, writing, and nonverbal gestures Which of the following is true about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? It argues that the language we use shapes our perception of reality In some parts of the United States, horse breeding is commonplace. People involved in breeding have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are not very familiar to people who are uninvolved in the horse world. This is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis What is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language? It suggests that gender-related language reflects traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations. The words blacklist and white lie are examples of language that can promote racial stereotypes. Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication? a high five, a hug, a frown Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as values Which of the following is true about the list of U.S. basic values offered by sociologist Robin Williams? It includes the values of freedom, equality, morality, democracy, and conformity In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity? being very well-off financially Which of the following is true about norms? they are established standards of behavior maintained by a society, they must be widely shared and understood, they are classified as formal or informal Formal norms enforced by the state are laws Informal norms are generally understood but not precisely recorded While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and picks his nose. He is violating informal norms Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society Which of the following is true about folkways? They are norms that govern everyday behavior Which of the following is not a culturally learned behavior? instincts Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. This norm reinforces patterns of male dominance Which of the following is an example of a norm that is often ignored because of weak enforcement? teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business Which of the following is an example of a practice that appears to violate the norms of society in general, but actually represents adherence to the norms of a particular group? teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as sanctions A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of a sanction A dominant ideology is a set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests Which of the following is a limitation of the dominant ideology thesis? Significant shifts in cultural values occur from generation to generation In the United States, professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of subcultures The use of terms like g-man, honey boat, and airmail by sanitation workers in New York City is an example of argot Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture within the United States? hippies Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of both a subculture and a counterculture Which of the following constitutes culture shock? The feeling of disorientation that is experienced when people encounter cultural practices different from their own A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing culture shock The tendency to assume that ones own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others is called ethnocentrism Students who return home after studying abroad and soldiers returning home from war often experience a kind of reverse culture shock, which reflects how much we take culture for granted. A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation, and that members of other religions are pagans who will go directly to hell when they die. This is an example of ethnocentricism Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? People from India being repelled by the common American practice of living in the same household with dogs and cats. In which country did ethnocentric value judgments hamper United States efforts to build a democracy? Iraq A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of cultural relativism. Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality that Max Weber saw as so important? cultural relativism One of the reasons why we need culture is that it helps us to make sense of, and relate to, the physical world around us. T/F True George Murdock found that there are 70 categories of true cultural universals T/F False Humans have more control over their own destinies if they are the product of nature rather than nurture. T/F False In general, sociobiologists emphasize how social behavior can influence our biological evolution as a species T/F False The main difference between discovery and invention is that only invention involves the creation of something that did not previously exist T/F True The diffusion of cultures across national borders can have positive and negative effects. The negative effects are most likely to be experienced by developing rather than developed countries. T/F True Language can be described as being socially constructed because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans. T/F True One important implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the capacity to conceptualize the world must evolve before language can emerge. T/F False Wearing formal clothes in an informal setting would be an example of violating a formal norm. T/F False The use of argot helps clarify the boundary between insider members of a subculture and other outsider members of society. T/F True The relative importance of biological inheritance and environmental factors in human development is referred to as the debate over nature vs nurture Which of the following best describes the process of socialization? Learning the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of socialization The analysis of Genie and Danielle is important because it emphasizes the importance of the earliest socialization experiences in human development. Harry Harlows research with rhesus monkeys and artificial mothers revealed that monkeys developed greater social attachments based on their need for intimacy than on their need for food. Studies of identical twins who were raised apart have failed to conclusively decided the debate over the influences of nature and nurture Which of the following is true about the self? It is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others Which of the following statements is true about the looking-glass self? It is a theory that you become who you are based on how you think others see you. Which of the following is the first phase of the looking-glass self? imagining how others see us According to the theory of the looking-glass self, our self-identities are based on our perceptions of how others see us. George Herbert Mead argued that the self has two core components the I and the Me For George Herbert Mead, the self represents an ongoing interaction between our socialized self and our acting self For a student sitting in a classroom, the I is the part of the self that engenders which of these reactions? speaking up during a class discussion Which of the following is true about the sociological concept of significant others? It is a term that refers to individuals who are most important in the development of the self throughout our lives Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of a significant other? a television character According to George Herbert Meads stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs when children imitate the people around them, particularly family members Gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication are known as symbols Which of the following is an example of a symbol? a hug, a coke bottle, a bowl of caviar In Meads theory, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as role taking During which of Meads stages of the self does a child begin to become a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain? the play stage Your boss has just screamed at her staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to her about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively demonstrating role taking. A child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the game stage Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allisons pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead? the game stage Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a childs awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole? generalized other Tanya is sitting in a large college lecture hall with 300 other students. Although she has the urge to pick her nose, she refrains because she is afraid of how the other members of the audience will react. Tanyas behavior is being controlled by generalized others Which of the following is true about the dramaturgical approach? It is a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. The sociologist Erving Goffman is associated with which of the following concepts? impression management, face-work, the dramaturgical approach Bob is on his first date with Mary. He really likes her, so he tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too. This is an example of impression management Which of the following defines Erving Goffmans concept of face-work? the effort to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public A person leaves a singles bar alone and later tells a friend, There wasnt anyone interesting in the entire crowd. This is an example of face-work Which social scientist believed that the self has components that work in opposition to each other? Sigmund Freud How many stages did Jean Piaget argue exist in the development of childrens thought processes? 4 A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Piaget? sensorimotor According to Piagets cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the preoperational stage. According to Piaget, what is the key to childrens development? social interaction Which of the following is the most important agent of socialization? the family Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity, but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Their learning represents an informal process of anticipatory socialization. Which of the following is true about gender roles? They are expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis observed that schools in the United States focus on socializing students for the workplace. Which of the following was a finding of sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler regarding peer groups? popularity reinforces gender stereotypes, a social pecking order is established early, popularity is affected by attractiveness Which of the following has become an increasingly influential agent of socialization over the past century? the media Which is the most common form of media consumption for young people between the ages of 8 and 18? watching tv Among tablet and smartphone owners, multitasking is becoming more of a social norm Which of the following is true about the ways new technologies are changing the way we interact with each other? They tend to lead to both narrowcasting and multitasking. Which of the following is true about adolescents in the workplace? Adolescents work primarily to earn spending money for themselves. Institutions such as day care centers, hospitals, and mental health care centers reflect what change in society? the declining role of family as caretaker T/F The quincea-era ceremony is considered a rite of passage for Hispanic girls. True A bat mitzvah, a quincea-era ceremony, and a Catholic confirmation are all examples of rites of passage Which of the following do life course theorists argue? Socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle. According to a national survey, the key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the United States is completing formal schooling. A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her schools swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swim meets at a nearby college. This is an example of anticipatory socialization. A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of resocialization Which of the following is considered a total institution? a mental hospital Which of the following is not a characteristic of total institutions? The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants. Cindy enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by a number. This is an example of a degradation ceremony. Which of the following is true about the midlife crisis? It is a period in which people realize that they have not achieved basic life goals and ambitions and have little time left to do so. The sandwich generation can best be described as adults who try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children. Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in life expectancy around the world? developments in health care, advances in nutrition, improvements in working conditions Which of the following is not one of the seven stages in Robert Atchleys theory of the retirement process? orientation In Robert Atchleys conceptualization of the retirement process, the near phase refers to the point in time when a person establishes a specific retirement date from a job. T/F The process of socialization can only take place during the first few years of life, meaning that children who miss this process can never become fully socialized. False Based on studies of identical twins, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the idea that nature has a greater impact than nurture on the social development of people. T/F False One implication of Charles Cooleys idea of the looking-glass self is that we can form self-identities that are based on incorrect assumptions about how others see us. T/F True According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, people are happiest when the I component of the self has total control over the Me portion of the self. T/F False Of the three stages of self-development identified by Mead, the capacity to assume the perspective of another and to respond from this perspective does not occur until the game stage. T/F False Goffmans concept of impression management implies that people alter their presentation of self to meet the expectations of different audiences. T/F True Of all the various agents of socialization, peer groups have consistently been shown to have the greatest impact. T/F False The life course approach to the study of political socialization tends to focus on those social factors, such as race or gender, that affect people throughout their lives. T/F True The process of discarding old patterns of behavior and accepting new ones as part of a life transition is referred to as anticipatory socialization. T/F False People who are no longer young, but are not yet old are referred to by social scientists as the sandwich generation. T/F False

Finding the Perfect Job for Your Personality

Finding the Perfect Job for Your Personality It’s easy to get caught up in a career trajectory you picked out when you were young, searching for the first gig that would hire you, or that you’ve been stuck in for a while. Toni Okeson at CollegeRecruiter.com has some advice to help you refocus your job-search, whether it’s your first time or your last resort. Think about your gifts and acquired skills.Regardless of what you’ve trained to do, always expected to do, or what your family planned you’d do, get back to basics and consider what you like doing. What are you good at? What do you know how to do? What have you always enjoyed? Are you creative? A good listener? Fascinated by what makes things work? Each of these traits points to a rewarding career.Think long term.Your career is much more likely to be a path that includes multiple stops and direction changes, rather than one smooth arc. According to Frierson, â€Å"It’s a marathon, not a spring.† Make decisions based on what y ou can see yourself doing every day for years, not just what you’d like best right now.Take the financial aspect into consideration.Don’t let it be the only thing–or even the main thing–but do figure out how to make your skills and interests into the most lucrative package they can possibly be. Earning potential can change over time, but you should know what the options are. What lifestyle will you need to support? What sacrifices can you make if necessary?Any opportunities for growth?When you’re considering the entry-level positions available to you as a recent grad, don’t forget to think about where they lead in the future. A teacher could become a department chair, an administrator, a principal. Some assistant positions lead into the department they assist, others put you on an administrative track–know what you’re getting into, and know how to acquire skills on or off the job that will translate into your next step. Once yo u’re considering a career change, don’t rush into anything–a bad day at work doesn’t mean it’s time to quit and go back to school. There is always a less drastic way of making sure you’re pursuing a satisfying course of employment–just don’t forget to take yourself and your personality into account.How to Find the Career Path that Best Suits Your PersonalityRead More at College Recruiter

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Summary - Essay Example At times English borrows new words from different places which later become part of the language. It has been obsereved that word order also changes as time passes, although its process slower than the change of words. Moreover, sounds of a language also chnge, for instance Vowel Shift occurred in English changing sounds of many different words. Some argue, English was more elegant in Shakespeare’s time. However, it should be noted that as language changes it does not get worse, it just replaces some words with changing needs of the people. The new words do sound odd at first; however, they become part of the formal language later on. Some people get annoyed when others don’t use â€Å"correct† English. However, there is no sloppy or lazy dialect. It’s true that English has some rules but they only implicate what English is like and not how one should use it. There are different dialects in English language all of which are correct. In fact, nowadays youngsters use English in such a way that they give every detail of the situation in a concise way. Formerly, it was argued that English should be more like Latin and some still want it to be like Latin. Thus, language changes with the passage of time and the change is inevitable. The changing language does not mean it is getting worse, it just happens because people change and so do the things they

Paleontology and molecular biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paleontology and molecular biology - Essay Example It is in this regard that fossils must be cited in providing the present generation a unique opportunity to know evolutionary history and help scientists or interested groups in preserving some combinations of primitive and discovered characteristics of living things that are non-existence in extant taxa. Fossils, therefore, are very critical in documenting the character transformation sequences over a long period of time that cannot be achieved in modern times by the lone use of molecular data. The integration of fossil and molecular data has been well established in the book of Neil Shubin â€Å"Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body.† It all started with the discovery in 2004 by Shubin, Ted Daeschler, and Dr. Farish A. Jenkins, Jr. in the Arctic of the fossil of a fish, which they named Tiktaalik. The emergence of Tiktaalik fossil from the rock was a beautiful intermediate between fish and land-living animals (Shubin 22). Tiktaalik has a shoulder, elbow, and wrist composed of the same bones as an upper arm, forearm, and wrist in a human (39). Tiktaalik was just the beginning of the evolution of creatures living in water to land-living animals. It was just the tip of the iceberg, so to speak. With fossils, experiments cannot be done to reach a conclusion. Enter the role of the genes. To understand the difference of each cell in the body, it is imperative to understand the genetic switches that control the activity of genes in each cell and tissue (46). Experiments can be performed wherein the genes can be manipulated to see how bodies actually change in response to different conditions or stimuli (47). The discovery of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the 50s and 60s by biologists Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders (49) and the Sonic hedgehog in the 90s by Cliff Tabin, Andy MacMahon and Phil Ingham (52) contributed to the role of genes in the evolutionary development. ZPA was responsible for the

Transformation of Islam: Islam in the societies of Central Asia Essay e

The next work used to study the Islamic government is â€Å"Siyasatnama† (â€Å"Treatise on government†) which provides a model of statecraft and administrative practice. â€Å"Siyasatnama† was written by a distinguished statesman of 11th century, a grand vizier, Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi (1018-92), who was given a title of â€Å"Nizam al-Mulk† (â€Å"the regulator of the state†) for faithful service to Seljuk sultans Alp Arslan and Malik-Shakh (Ibn Khallikan, page 90). â€Å"Siyasatnama† is chosen for present investigation because it reflects social and political life and moral values of the Seljuk period (Scott Meisami, page 145). â€Å"Siyasatnama† allows approaching the Islamic government from two perspectives. First, the Seljuk environment in the late 11th century will be discussed, and last, Nizam al-Mulk’s life experience will be considered. The 11th century Islamic world was characterized by strife and turmoil (Zakhodyor, page 244). Different sects appeared undermining the unity of the ummah, and the Ismailian sect of Muslims was gaining strength in Khorasan (Scott Meisami, page 161). Constant struggle for power between Shiites, Sunnis, and heterodoxy weakened the protection of the state, what was enjoyed by other nations taking military campaigns against Seljuks (for example, Dandanaqan battle) (lecture 2, week 7). In such political situation viziers were especially important, and a valuable contribution to strengthen the Seljuk Empire was made by Nizam al-Mulk, who conducted the state's domestic and foreign policies. Nizam al-Mulk’s theory of government is mainly based on a religious approach. Indeed, Seljuk court was important protectors of Islamic traditions (lecture 2, week 7). A picture of Seljuks as ardent Muslims is given by Aristakes Lastivertc’I ... ...y Nizam al-Mulk’s deep piety. Nizam al-Mulk devotes much attention to strengthening the faith on which Islamic government is based. Nizam al-Mulk relates that when the faith is weakened the state collapses (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã' Ã °Ã'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã ¼Ã °, page 61). Indeed, ideology really matters for theocracies, it is the main factor that unites it, and destroying of it lead to break up of the whole state. To sum up, the issues of justice, virtue, and benevolence raised in the work determine the political views of its author. In turn, a socio-political system built by Seljuks had a significant impact on the formation of Nizam al-Mulk’s views. Thus, â€Å"Siyasatnama† is not only an excellent literary monument but also an important material in studying an Islamic governmental system of the Middle Ages, which contains a knowledge gained in practice and gives an idea of what an ideal government should be.

Migrants Hostel Essay

Migrant Hostel is an important poem when expressing belonging and not belonging as both sides of the concepts of belonging are shown through connections with character groups as well as places. It explores the barriers that prevent belonging through a variety of techniques that allow readers to fully understand the types of barriers that can prevent belonging. Stanza 1 and 4 show that characters may encounter barriers which prevent belonging. In stanza 4, the hostel is a barrier that holds the migrants back and prevents them from belonging. The barrier at the main gate is not only physical, but mental as well. It physically holds them back from continuing with their lives; whilst it also prevents them from feeling that they belong due to their lack of freedom. The line ‘A barrier at the main gate, sealed off the highway’ represents the metaphorical ‘highway of life’. The lack of control that they have over their life is what prevents them from feeling that they belong. The barrier holds them as ‘captives’ both mentally and physically. Stanza 1 shows that change can lead to a sense of not belonging. It creates ideas of uncertainty through the use of the words ‘arrivals’, ‘sudden’, and ‘left us wondering’. The changes that happen at the hostel only emphasise the lack of control that the migrants have their, and thus forcing them to feel that their life is not theirs to live. This leads to a feeling of not belonging. The 1st stanza has a negative atmosphere and shows the migrants to be uneasy. The concept of belonging is conveyed through the characters and their relationships in stanza 2. Within the migrant hostel, the migrants seek out people of their own nationalities, as it is human nature to want to be with people that are similar to themselves. This is shown through the quote, ‘Nationalities sought each other out instinctively’. The plural ‘nationalities’ in the first line of the stanza show that there are many people within the hostel, however they have no connection. The simile ‘like a homing pigeon’ represents the human desire to seek out similarities in other people to feel accepted by others. A feeling of unification can lead to a sense of belonging. Shared experiences can also allow individuals to understand one another, leading to acceptance and therefore belonging. The migrant hostel inhabitants share the experiences of war, shown through the last lines of the stanza ‘Partitioned off at night by memories of hunger and hate’. This discomfort is what allows them to understand one another and form relationships, which leads to belonging. The concept of belonging is conveyed through places. Migrant Hostel shows the concept of belonging in places by showing that a place can unite people. The recurring use of the word ‘we’ in stanza 3 and 4 show that the experiences that the migrants have had in the hostel have united them. The hostel, while it is a barrier, it also allows them to come together. The line ‘we lived like birds of passage’ shows the shared lifestyle of the migrants through the use of a simile, as well as the imagery of birds. It represents how they long to have freedom, which is a feeling that all migrants would experience. The lifestyle that the hostel creates for them is compared to the weather in stanza 3. The life at the hostel is a cycle of passage, just as the weather has cycles. The line ‘Needing its sanction to pass in and out of lives’ shows that the migrants are looking for the ‘approval’ of the hostel in order to continue with their lives. From gaining the ‘approval’ of the hostel, the migrants are able to feel that they belong. Migrant Hostel explores the different aspects of belonging and not belonging through the experiences of people who are unwanted and trapped by physical and mental barriers. they are able to feel accepted due to similarities in experience and nationalities, however are prevented from moving on with their lives due to the human wish to feel accepted and that they belong.

Sociological Moment Caitlyn Jenner - 916 Words

Sociological Moment #2 Caitlyn Jenner, formerly Bruce Jenner, who used to be a man, transitioned this spring to become a woman. This October, Caitlyn Jenner was honored as Glamour magazine’s Woman of The Year. She has faced many criticism ever since she has transitioned and got many more after receiving this particular award. Caitlyn transitioned because she felt as if she had lied to herself and the world. She had a big secret and did not want to live her life like this. She is now a happy transgender woman. A transsexual, which is someone who does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Bruce did not feel as if he fitted in society when he was a male. Now that he is Caitlyn he feels free, although she has to face many criticism. Caitlyn got a lot of backlash after receiving the Woman of the Year Award. People were saying that she has not even been a woman for a year so she does not deserve this award. I agree with these comments. However, I think that Caitlyn does not deserve this award because she has not experienced the real struggles of a woman. Caitlyn said â€Å"The hardest part of being a woman is figuring out what to wear†. Throughout history, women have faced a lot of issues due to their gender. Bruce, who has lived most of his life as a rich white male has had many privileges. White privilege, is a term for societal privileges that benefit white people in Western countries beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social,